Reishi Mushroom Tea: Benefits, How to Brew It Right (2026)

 

📑 In This Article

• What is reishi mushroom tea?
• Benefits: what the clinical evidence says
• Why simmering time matters
• How to make reishi tea: 3 methods
• How to make it taste good
• Dosage: how much and when
• Choosing reishi: the quality gap
• Side effects and safety
• What's new in research: 2024–2026
• Reishi tea vs. capsules vs. tinctures
• FAQ

If you've tried mushroom coffee and wondered what reishi tastes like on its own, without coffee masking the flavor — tea is the answer. It's bitter. Very bitter. That's not a flaw. The bitterness comes from ganoderic acids, the same triterpene compounds linked to reishi's anti-inflammatory and calming effects. More bitterness means more bioactive compounds in your cup.

Reishi tea is also naturally caffeine-free. Zero. This makes it the obvious evening counterpart to a morning lion's mane-based routine, lion's mane for daytime focus, reishi tea for nighttime calm. If sleep support is your main goal, pairing reishi tea with magnesium glycinate covers two complementary mechanisms (reishi modulates GABAergic pathways; magnesium activates GABA receptors).

This guide covers the science behind why brewing method affects potency, three preparation methods (traditional decoction, powder, tea bag), how to deal with the bitterness, what the clinical research says about reishi's effects on the immune system and fatigue, dosage, side effects, and how to avoid buying reishi products that are mostly grain starch. Whether you're learning how to make mushroom tea for the first time or switching from capsules to a more traditional method, this is everything you need to know.

What Is Reishi Mushroom Tea and How Does It Compare to Mushroom Coffee?

Reishi mushroom tea is a hot-water decoction made from dried Ganoderma lucidum, the hard, woody, kidney-shaped fungus that traditional Chinese medicine calls lingzhi (灵芝). You simmer dried slices or powder in water for an extended period. What you get is a dark reddish-brown liquid that tastes bitter and earthy with a slightly woody finish. It's consumed for its beta-glucan polysaccharides (immune support) and triterpenes (anti-inflammatory, calming).

Here's why this isn't like making chamomile tea. Chamomile is a flower. You pour hot water over it, delicate compounds leach out in 5 minutes, done. Reishi — sometimes called red reishi due to its distinctive lacquered reddish-brown cap, is a tough polypore mushroom. Its bioactive compounds are locked behind chitin cell walls that your digestive system can't break down and that hot water needs time to dissolve. Christopher Hobbs, PhD, one of the most respected mycologists in North America and author of Medicinal Mushrooms: The Essential Guide — writes on his website that for maximum activity, "delivery of mushroom medicine via water-based extract or micropowder is best" because beta-glucans and proteins are water-soluble, not alcohol-soluble (christopherhobbs.com). In other words: hot-water extraction, what you do when you make tea, is the right method for the immune-active compounds.

That's the key insight. Tea is the same process that supplement companies use in their hot-water extraction manufacturing — just slower and done in your kitchen instead of a factory. When done correctly, it's a legitimate delivery method for the same water-soluble compounds found in commercial reishi extracts.

For context on how reishi fits alongside other adaptogenic mushrooms: reishi is the calm-and-immunity mushroom. Lion's mane is the brain mushroom. Cordyceps is the energy mushroom. Chaga is the antioxidant mushroom. They're not interchangeable, and that's the point of understanding what each one does before stacking them.

Reishi tea benefits: what the clinical evidence actually says

The benefits of reishi tea trace back to the same compounds studied in clinical trials, water-soluble beta-glucan polysaccharides. The strongest human evidence supports fatigue reduction, immune modulation, and emerging support for sleep quality. Evidence does not support metabolic claims like blood sugar or cholesterol management, a 16-week RCT found no effect there.

Fatigue and well-being — the strongest evidence

This is where reishi has its cleanest data. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 132 adults with neurasthenia, a condition defined by chronic fatigue, irritability, and difficulty concentrating, participants took either a reishi polysaccharide extract (Ganopoly, 1,800 mg three times daily) or placebo for 8 weeks. The reishi group showed significantly greater improvements in fatigue scores (28.3% reduction vs. 20.1% for placebo) and sense of well-being (38.7% increase vs. 29.7% for placebo). Over half (51.6%) of the reishi group was rated as "more than minimally improved" compared with 24.6% on placebo (Tang et al., 2005, PubMed).

Two things worth noting here. First, the extract used (Ganopoly) is a polysaccharide fraction — the same type of compound that hot-water extraction releases. So tea is a reasonable delivery method for these specific compounds. Second, the effects took 8 weeks to become significant. Not 8 days. Not 8 hours. This is a slow-accumulation process, similar to lion's mane (2–4 weeks) and ashwagandha (4–8 weeks).

Immune modulation. Cochrane-reviewed

A Cochrane systematic review, the gold standard for evidence evaluation — looked at five clinical trials and concluded that reishi may stimulate host immune response when used alongside conventional treatments. The reviewers noted that long-term studies are still needed (Jin et al., 2016, PubMed). "May" is doing a lot of work in that sentence. It's not "definitely does." But a Cochrane review saying "may" is stronger than 90% of supplement marketing saying "definitely."

The mechanism: beta-glucans from reishi interact with dectin-1 receptors on macrophages and other immune cells, triggering downstream immune signaling. This is modulation, supporting the system's appropriate response, not "boosting," which is a marketing term that doesn't mean anything specific. According to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center's integrative medicine monograph on reishi, the active constituents include both beta-glucan polysaccharides and triterpenes, and extracts have shown immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties in vitro and in vivo (MSKCC, 2024). MSKCC also advises patients to "talk with your healthcare providers before taking reishi supplements" and notes that "herbal supplements are stronger than the herbs you would use in cooking."

If you're combining immune-support strategies, ashwagandha addresses stress-immune crosstalk through cortisol reduction, while reishi acts on immune cells. Different pathways, complementary effects.

Sleep support — traditional, with emerging science

Reishi has been consumed at bedtime in East Asian medicine for centuries. Modern evidence is catching up but isn't there yet for humans. An animal study found that reishi extract reduced sleep latency and prolonged sleep time in rats, likely through GABAergic and serotonergic pathways (Cui et al., 2012, PubMed). A more recent 2021 mouse study confirmed that Ganoderma lucidum promotes sleep through a gut microbiota-dependent and serotonin-involved pathway (Scientific Reports).

In humans, the 2024 cross-sectional survey of 1,374 cancer patients using reishi products found that over 50% reported meaningful improvements in fatigue and low mood (Li X et al., 2024, PubMed). But a cross-sectional survey isn't an RCT, it can't prove causation. If sleep is your primary goal right now, magnesium glycinate has stronger direct clinical evidence. Reishi tea is a reasonable addition, not a standalone sleep fix.

What reishi tea probably can't do

Here's the part most brands skip. The metabolic claims, blood sugar, cholesterol, weight — don't hold up under scrutiny. A well-designed, 16-week, double-blind RCT gave adults with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome either Ganoderma lucidum or placebo. The result? Nothing. No meaningful improvements in HbA1c, fasting glucose, blood lipids, or blood pressure (Klupp et al., 2016, Nature Scientific Reports). That's not "mixed results." That's a clean negative. If you see a brand claiming reishi tea helps with blood sugar, they're citing animal studies and hoping you won't notice. If metabolic support is your goal, berberine has far stronger evidence, multiple human RCTs with measurable effects on glycemic markers.

Why a 5-minute steep won't work: the science of hot-water extraction

Reishi's bioactive compounds sit inside chitin cell walls that human digestion can't break down. Hot water at 80–100°C over extended time (60–120 minutes) dissolves this chitin matrix and releases water-soluble polysaccharides into the liquid. Short steeps, the kind you'd use for green tea — barely scratch the surface.

The relationship between extraction time and beta-glucan yield has been studied. Boh et al. documented that Ganoderma lucidum requires prolonged hot-water processing to release its pharmaceutically active polysaccharides effectively (Boh et al., 2007, PubMed). This isn't optional. It's physics and chemistry. Chitin is a structural polymer, it doesn't dissolve quickly. Picture making bone broth. You wouldn't expect 5 minutes of hot water to extract collagen from beef bones. Same principle, different material.

There's a trade-off worth understanding. Hot water extracts beta-glucans well. It extracts some triterpenes (ganoderic acids). But triterpenes are primarily alcohol-soluble. This is why commercial supplements use "dual extraction", hot water plus ethanol — to capture both compound classes. Your kitchen tea won't capture the full triterpene profile. If that matters to you, the hack is simple: brew your reishi tea normally, then add a few drops of a commercial reishi tincture (alcohol extract) to the finished cup. Now you have a DIY dual extraction.

How to make reishi mushroom tea: 3 methods

Three ways to do this, from strongest to most convenient. Which one you choose depends on whether you value maximum potency or daily ease. Honestly, the best method is the one you'll do consistently, a moderate-strength tea you drink every night beats a perfect decoction you make once and abandon.

Method 1: Traditional decoction (strongest)

This is the real thing. It's what traditional Chinese medicine practitioners have done for centuries. Slice 5–10 g of dried reishi fruiting body as thin as you can. Place in a pot with 4–5 cups (1 liter) of water. Bring to a boil, then drop to a low simmer. Let it go for 60–120 minutes uncovered. The water will reduce by about half and turn deep reddish-brown. Strain out the mushroom pieces.

The slices aren't done after one brew. You can re-simmer the same pieces 2–3 more times, each batch will be lighter and less bitter, but still contains extractable compounds. Store used slices in the fridge and rebrew within 2–3 days. Christopher Hobbs recommends an even more aggressive approach: cooking fruiting bodies in a pressure cooker for 30–60 minutes, then blending the softened material into a slurry, which extracts everything from the mushroom (Herb Mentor Radio podcast).

Method 2: Extract powder tea (balanced)

If you're using a reishi extract powder — not raw unextracted powder, huge difference, the hard work is already done. Your manufacturer has already performed the hot-water extraction and spray-dried it back into powder form. The chitin is already broken down. Just add 1–2 g to a mug, pour hot water (not boiling, 80°C/175°F is ideal), stir, and steep 5–10 minutes. Done.

This is the method most people end up sticking with long-term because it takes 2 minutes instead of 2 hours. The key is making sure you're buying actual extracted powder, not just ground-up raw mushroom. Check the label: it should say "extract" and list a beta-glucan percentage.

Method 3: Tea bags (easiest)

Pre-made reishi tea bags are the lowest-effort option but deliver the lowest concentration per cup. Steep for 10–15 minutes (longer than regular tea). Squeeze the bag before removing. Use two bags if you want something closer to therapeutic strength. Buddha Teas and FreshCap both offer fruiting-body-based reishi tea bags. Check for beta-glucan disclosure on the label.

How to make reishi tea actually taste good

Let's be honest: straight reishi tea tastes like someone boiled tree bark and then added bitterness. That bitterness is the ganoderic acids — the bioactive triterpenes, so it's a feature, not a bug. But you don't have to suffer through it. The goal is to balance the bitterness, not mask it completely.

What works: raw honey is the single best addition, add it after brewing, once the tea has cooled slightly, to preserve honey's enzymes. Fresh ginger slices simmered with the reishi add warmth that counterbalances bitterness. A cinnamon stick during the last 15 minutes adds natural sweetness without sugar. A splash of oat milk smooths everything out. Licorice root (a small piece simmered with the reishi) has been used alongside reishi in Chinese herbal formulas for centuries to temper its bitterness.

My go-to evening recipe: simmer 5 g dried reishi with 4 slices fresh ginger and one cinnamon stick for 60 minutes. Strain. Add one teaspoon raw honey and a splash of oat milk. It's not delicious. But it's genuinely pleasant — closer to a spiced chai or golden milk than the tree-bark nightmare of straight reishi.

If you've tried all this and still can't stand the taste, that's fine. Mushroom coffee with reishi buries the bitterness in coffee flavor. Or just take capsules. Getting the compounds into your body consistently matters more than the delivery vehicle.

Reishi tea dosage: how much and when

Aim for the equivalent of 3–9 g of dried reishi mushroom per day, consumed as 1–3 cups of traditionally brewed tea. If you're using extract powder, 1–2 g per day in hot water is the standard range. Drink it in the evening, 1–2 hours before bed, to take advantage of its calming properties.

Method	Amount Per Batch	Servings/Day	Equivalent Dried Mushroom
Traditional decoction	5–10 g dried slices in 1 L water	2–3 cups from batch	5–10 g/day
Extract powder	1–2 g per mug	1–2 mugs	~4–8 g equivalent (concentrated)
Tea bags	1–2 bags per cup	2–3 cups	Varies by brand

Evening timing makes the most sense for most people. But if immune support is your primary goal rather than sleep, timing doesn't matter much — the immune-modulating effects aren't time-dependent. What is time-dependent: consistency. The Tang 2005 RCT showed significant results at week 8, not week 1. If you drink reishi tea sporadically, you probably won't notice anything. Daily use for at least 4–8 weeks before deciding if it works for you.

A practical evening stack: reishi tea + magnesium glycinate (200–400 mg elemental) 1–2 hours before bed. Different mechanisms, complementary effects. If stress is the driver behind your sleep issues, adding magnesium glycinate for stress support covers that angle too.

Choosing reishi for tea: the quality gap nobody talks about

Here's the part that matters as much as brewing method: if you're starting with low-quality reishi, the most perfect decoction in the world won't give you therapeutic results. The gap between genuine fruiting body products and mycelium-on-grain products is enormous, and measurable.

According to Jeff Chilton, founder of Nammex and one of the most vocal quality advocates in the mushroom supplement industry, the testing data is definitive. His research, presented at the International Society for Mushroom Science (ISMS) conference in 2016, showed that real reishi mushroom contains 30.5% beta-glucans and 0.37% starch, while reishi mycelium grown on grain contains only 6.56% beta-glucans and much higher starch content (Nammex, ISMS 2016).

In a podcast with Dr. Steven Gundry, Chilton was even blunter: "A mushroom has 25 to 50% beta-glucan... When we measure these myceliated grain products, they are the exact opposite. They have around six percent beta-glucan and 30 to 60% alpha-glucan which are the starches" (Dr. Gundry Podcast).

So when you're buying reishi for tea, check these things. The label should say "fruiting body." Beta-glucan content should be called out — not just "polysaccharides." If you're buying dried slices, they should be hard, woody, and reddish-brown with visible growth rings. If you're buying powder, ask whether it's an extract or just ground-up raw material. Third-party testing (COA) is a bonus that the best brands provide.

Brand comparison

Brand	Type	Mushroom Part	Beta-Glucan Disclosed	Notes
Real Mushrooms	Extract powder / capsules	Fruiting body	Yes (>20%)	Nammex-sourced, COA available
Nootropics Depot	8:1 extract capsules	Fruiting body	Yes	Detailed COA, triterpene content listed
Buddha Teas	Tea bags	Fruiting body	Not on label	Convenient, compostable bags
Host Defense	Capsules / powder	Mycelium + fruiting body	No (lists "polysaccharides")	Full-spectrum approach; beta-glucan debate ongoing

Side effects and who should be cautious

Reishi tea at standard doses (3–9 g dried mushroom or 1–2 g extract per day) is safe for most adults. That's the good news. The common side effects are boring: dry mouth, some digestive discomfort, occasional dizziness. Most people don't experience anything. But there are two serious-ish considerations, liver safety and blood clotting, that deserve a clear-eyed look, not a dismissive "it's natural so it's fine."

Liver safety. This is the one that matters. Here's the nuance most people miss: preclinical research shows hepatoprotective effects, but rare cases of liver injury have been reported in humans. According to the NIH's LiverTox database — one of the most authoritative drug/supplement safety resources in the world, "In view of the extensive worldwide use of Ganoderma lucidum and Lingzhi, clinically apparent liver injury from its use must be extremely rare" (NIH LiverTox, 2024). Rare doesn't mean zero. The risk appears higher with powdered (unextracted) forms used for more than one month versus extract forms. Practical guardrails: use extract forms when possible, don't stack reishi with other supplements that stress the liver, define a trial window (6–8 weeks), and stop immediately if you develop jaundice, dark urine, severe nausea, or right-sided abdominal pain.

Blood clotting. Reishi may slow blood clotting. If you take warfarin, clopidogrel, aspirin, ibuprofen, or other anticoagulants/antiplatelets, talk to your doctor before adding reishi tea to your routine. Discontinue reishi at least two weeks before scheduled surgery.

Who should avoid reishi tea entirely: pregnant or breastfeeding women (insufficient safety data), people with autoimmune conditions (reishi modulates immune function), people with existing liver disease, anyone within two weeks of surgery.

If you fall into one of these categories but want a calming evening tea, plain chamomile is safe for most people, and magnesium glycinate in warm water provides calming benefits with fewer interactions.

Related Research

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• PMC Full Text
• PubMed: 38004235
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• PubMed: 27408987

Related Reading

• Reishi Mushroom Liver Toxicity
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What's new in reishi research: 2024–2026

First GRADE-assessed meta-analysis of reishi clinical trials (2025). A systematic review and meta-analysis published in Food Science & Nutrition assessed the impact of Ganoderma lucidum supplementation (200–11,200 mg/day, 1–24 weeks) across healthy, at-risk, and chronic disease populations using the GRADE evidence framework. This is the most methodologically rigorous review of reishi's human evidence to date, it covers RCTs only and grades the certainty of evidence for each outcome. The review confirms immune modulation and fatigue reduction as the best-supported benefits while noting that metabolic outcomes remain inconsistent (PMC).

Large-scale patient survey (Li X et al., 2024). A cross-sectional survey of 1,374 cancer patients using reishi products — one of the largest surveys of its kind, found that more than half reported "quite a bit" or "very much" improvement in nausea, fatigue, appetite, and low mood. The study also documented adverse event rates, which were low overall. This isn't RCT evidence, but the sample size adds meaningful real-world context to the smaller clinical trials (PubMed).

Sleep mechanism clarified (Yao et al., 2021). A mouse study published in Scientific Reports demonstrated that Ganoderma lucidum promotes sleep through a gut microbiota-dependent and serotonin-involved pathway, the first study to link reishi's sleep effects to the gut-brain axis rather than just direct GABAergic activity. This opens new questions about whether reishi's sleep benefits might depend partly on gut health (Nature).

Ongoing quality standardization. Nammex keeps expanding its analytical database — now 200+ commercial samples tested using the Megazyme beta-glucan method. Same pattern every time. Fruiting body products: 25–60% beta-glucans. Mycelium-on-grain: under 10%. The industry hasn't resolved this fight, and honestly it might never. But the data is what it is, and it's getting harder for low-quality brands to hide behind vague "polysaccharide" labels.

Reishi tea vs. capsules vs. tinctures

Each form has trade-offs. Tea is the most traditional, captures beta-glucans well, costs the least per serving, and provides a calming ritual. But it takes 60+ minutes to prepare properly and captures only partial triterpenes. Capsules are convenient but remove the ritual. Tinctures capture triterpenes better but are more expensive.

Format	Beta-Glucans	Triterpenes	Convenience	Cost/Serving	Best For
Tea (decoction)	★★★★	★★	★★	$0.50–1.50	Evening ritual, immune support
Extract powder in water	★★★★	★★★	★★★★	$0.50–1.00	Daily use, balanced potency
Capsules (dual-extract)	★★★★	★★★★	★★★★★	$0.30–0.80	Convenience, no taste issue
Tincture (alcohol extract)	★★	★★★★★	★★★★	$1.00–2.50	Maximum triterpene intake
Tea bags	★★	★	★★★★★	$0.50–1.00	Gentle introduction

The practical move: drink reishi tea in the evening for beta-glucans and the calming ritual. Add a few drops of tincture to the finished cup for triterpene coverage. Take lion's mane in the morning for focus. Our Vitality Mushroom Coffee handles the morning dose. Reishi tea handles the evening. That's a full-day functional mushroom protocol.

Why we wrote this guide

Most reishi tea guides are either recipe blogs with no science or clinical summaries with no practical advice. We wanted both in one place. Every clinical study cited here was verified against PubMed. Every expert quote is traceable to a published source. We include what reishi tea can do (fatigue reduction, immune modulation), what it probably can't do (metabolic health), and what we honestly don't know yet (human sleep data is limited).

For more on the science of reishi and other medicinal mushrooms, this conversation between mycologist Christopher Hobbs, PhD and Chris Kresser covers reishi's beta-glucan content, triterpene research, and practical preparation methods in detail:

Related reading: berberine dosage guide · magnesium glycinate for sleep · best mushroom supplements 2026 · ashwagandha and weight · NMN vs. NR · mushroom coffee side effects · is berberine bad for kidneys

What is mushroom coffee?

Mushroom coffee provides lower caffeine (50 to 80 mg) than regular coffee plus adaptogenic mushroom compounds. The caffeine benefit is immediate; the mushroom benefits require weeks of consistent use. Whether it is "good for you" depends on your goals and expectations. See mushroom coffee benefits.

Is mushroom coffee good for you?

Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) has the strongest evidence for immune modulation, with beta-glucans and triterpenes supporting immune cell activity. A Cochrane-adjacent review found it may complement conventional approaches for immune support. Additional research suggests benefits for sleep quality and stress reduction, though evidence is less robust than for immune function. See our full breakdown in the adaptogenic mushrooms guide.

Does mushroom coffee work?

Yes, most mushroom coffee contains 50 to 80 mg of caffeine per serving, roughly half of a standard drip coffee. The caffeine comes from the coffee base, not the mushrooms. See how mushroom coffee works.

Does mushroom coffee have caffeine?

Most mushroom coffee does contain caffeine, because it is built on a coffee base, but usually about half that of a standard cup. Reishi tea on its own is caffeine-free, which is why Reishi is often chosen for evening use. It is sold as a dietary supplement and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

What is mushroom coffee good for?

Mushroom coffee is used for focus and steady energy with less caffeine than regular coffee. Reishi specifically is valued for relaxation and is more common in evening blends and teas than in morning coffee. It is sold as a dietary supplement and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

References

1. Tang W, et al. (2005). "A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study of a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract in neurasthenia." Journal of Medicinal Food, 8(1), 53–58. PubMed
2. Jin X, Ruiz Beguerie J, Sze DM. (2016). "Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. PubMed
3. Cui XY, et al. (2012). "Extract of Ganoderma lucidum prolongs sleep time in rats." Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 139(3), 796–800. PubMed
4. Yao C, et al. (2021). "Ganoderma lucidum promotes sleep through a gut microbiota-dependent and serotonin-involved pathway in mice." Scientific Reports, 11, 13660. Nature
5. Li X, et al. (2024). "Symptom improvements and adverse effects with Reishi mushroom use: A cross-sectional survey of cancer patients." Integrative Medicine Research. PubMed
6. Klupp NL, et al. (2016). "A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of Ganoderma lucidum for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors of metabolic syndrome." Scientific Reports, 6, 29540. Nature
7. Boh B, et al. (2007). "Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds." Biotechnology Annual Review, 13, 265–301. PubMed
8. Wachtel-Galor S, et al. (2004). "Ganoderma lucidum ('Lingzhi'); acute and short-term biomarker response to supplementation." International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 55(1), 75–83. PubMed
9. Wachtel-Galor S, et al. (2011). "Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi): A Medicinal Mushroom." In: Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects, 2nd ed. PubMed
10. Plosca MP, et al. (2025). "Ganoderma lucidum. From Ancient Remedies to Modern Applications: Chemistry, Benefits, and Safety." Antioxidants, 14(5), 513. PubMed
11. GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review (2025). "The Nutritional Significance of Ganoderma lucidum on Human Health." Food Science & Nutrition. PMC
12. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (2024). "Reishi Mushroom." Integrative Medicine monograph. MSKCC
13. Hobbs C. "Mushroom Medicine: Challenges and Potential." christopherhobbs.com
14. Chilton J. (2016). "Redefining Medicinal Mushrooms." ISMS 2016 Presentation. Nammex
15. LiverTox (2024). "Reishi Mushroom." National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

Last reviewed: June 1, 2026 · Reviewed by Tao Wu, Founder of YourHealthier · Editorial Policy